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Madagascar

Official language: French, Malagasy
Currency: Malagascy Ariary
Capital City: Antananarivo
Area: 587295km²
Subregional membership(s): East Africa, Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), Indian Ocean Commission (IOC), Southern African Development Community (SADC), Least developed countires, Island countries, Sub-Saharan Africa, Non-Oil Producing, Non-Oil LDCs

30325.7K

₂₀₂₃

Mid-year population

14.4B

₂₀₂₁

GDP at current prices, USD

66.0

₂₀₂₁

Under five mortality rate

138.2

₂₀₂₂

Primary enrolment ratio

Population and migration

United Nations Population Division, United Nations Population Fund

Indicator	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023
Average annual population growth rate - Total (%)	2.70	2.57	2.60	2.57	2.54	2.51	2.45	2.38	2.38	2.39
Population - Urban (%)	34.50	35.20	35.90	36.50
Life expectancy at birth - Male (years)	62.3	62.4	63.0	63.0	63.2	63.7	62.9	62.2	63.0	64.1
Migrants as a percentage of the international migrant stock - 65+ (%)		18.97		19.40
Population - Female (thousands)	12,066	12,384	12,710	13,045	13,384	13,729	14,077	14,425	14,775	15,135
Migrants as a percentage of the international migrant stock - 35-39 (%)		7.26		7.14
Population - Urban (thousands)	8,146	8,529	8,926	9,339	9,767	10,211	10,670	11,145	11,636	12,142
Total fertility rate (per woman)	4.3	4.2	4.2	4.1	4.0	4.0	3.9	3.9	3.8	3.7
Migrants as a percentage of the international migrant stock - 45-49 (%)		6.84		6.94
Migrants as a percentage of the international migrant stock - 55-59 (%)		7.41		6.65
Migrants as a percentage of the international migrant stock - 20-24 (%)		4.98		5.92
Migrants as a percentage of the international migrant stock - 40-44 (%)		7.24		7.19
Migrants as a percentage of the international migrant stock - 10-14 (%)		5.38		5.10
Population - Urban (%)	34.53	35.19	35.86	36.52	37.19	37.86	38.53	39.21	39.88	40.56
Migrants as a percentage of the international migrant stock - 50-54 (%)		6.86		6.55
Population - Total (thousands)	24,216	24,851	25,502	26,170	26,847	27,533	28,225	28,916	29,612	30,326
Migrants as a percentage of the international migrant stock - 60-64 (%)		7.84		6.93
Life expectancy at birth - Total (years)	64.3	64.3	65.0	65.1	65.3	65.9	65.2	64.5	65.2	66.4
Migrants as a percentage of the international migrant stock - 15-19 (%)		5.27		5.45
Migrants as a percentage of the international migrant stock - 25-29 (%)		5.28		6.26
Life expectancy at birth - Female (years)	66.4	66.4	67.1	67.2	67.4	68.2	67.6	66.9	67.6	68.8
Migrants as a percentage of the international migrant stock - 0-4 (%)		5.05		4.86
Migrants as a percentage of the international migrant stock - 5-9 (%)		5.24		4.94
Population - Male (thousands)	12,150	12,467	12,792	13,125	13,463	13,805	14,148	14,491	14,836	15,191
Population - Female (%)	49.83	49.83	49.84	49.85	49.85	49.86	49.87	49.89	49.90	49.91
Annual rate of change of the migrant stock (%)		2.08					2.06
Migrants as a percentage of the international migrant stock - 30-34 (%)		6.38		6.69
Average annual population growth rate - Urban (%)	4.59	4.55	4.52	4.48	4.44	4.40	4.35	4.31	4.26	4.21
Population - Male (%)	49.85	49.85	49.86	49.87	49.88	49.88	49.89

Health

World Bank, World Health Organization, United Nations Statistics Division

Indicator	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023
	60.7	60.3	60.2	60.2	60.3	60.4	60.6	60.6
Percentage of mothers provided at least one antenatal care - Total (%)	82.00
	71.8	71.3	71.1	71.0	71.1	71.4	71.5	71.4
Proportion of the population using improved sanitation facilities - Total (%)	12.00	12.00
	71.8	71.3	71.1	71.0	71.1	71.4	71.5	71.4
Prevalence of underweight children under-five years of age - Total (%)
Proportion of 1 year-old children immunised against measles (%)
	60.7	60.3	60.2	60.2	60.3	60.4	60.6	60.6
	66.4	66.0	65.8	65.7	65.8	66.1	66.1	66.0
Proportion of population below minimum level of dietary energy consumption (%)	32.80	33.00
	66.4	66.0	65.8	65.7	65.8	66.1	66.1	66.0

Education

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), United Nations Statistics Division, International Labour Organization (ILO), United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), World Bank

Indicator	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023
Gross enrolment ratio in primary - Male (%)	145.45	147.33	143.70	142.67	136.08	127.80	129.76	143.65	136.06
Gross enrolment ratio in secondary - Male (%)	38.73	38.72	38.42	35.97	35.25	33.14		34.05
Literacy rates of 15-24 years old - Female (%)					79.18			83.04	80.66
Net enrolment rate in secondary education - Female (%)	31.57	31.14	31.06	30.29	31.03
Pupil-teacher ratio, primary education - Total (rate)	41.7	41.2	40.6		39.8
Literacy rate - Female (%)					75.07
Primary school enrollment - Male (number)	2,320,693	2,396,107	2,380,027	2,514,792	2,440,444	2,324,032	2,388,211	2,668,284	2,553,709
Ratio of school attendance rate of orphans to school attendance rate of non orphans (%)
School life Expectancy in Tertiary - Female (years)	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3		0.3
Mean years of schooling - Total (years)					5.3			4.9
Net enrolment rate in primary education - Female (%)
Net enrolment rate in primary education - Male (%)
Ratio of girls to boys in secondary education (ratio)		1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
School life Expectancy in Secondary - Male (years)	2.8	2.8	2.8	2.6	2.5	2.4
School life Expectancy in Tertiary - Male (years)	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3		0.3
Ratio of girls to boys in tertiary education (ratio)	0.9	0.9	0.9	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
School life Expectancy in Secondary - Female (years)	2.7	2.8	2.8	2.6	2.6	2.5
Survival Rate to the last grade in Primary - Male (%)	41.47	34.10			29.92
Adult literacy rate - Total (%)		64.66			76.68				77.48
Gross enrolment ratio in teritiary - Male (%)	5.03	5.05	5.03
Primary completion rate - Female (%)	46.20	46.90	47.90	49.00	55.91	51.50	52.50	49.68
School life Expectancy in Primary - Female (years)	7.4	7.5	7.3		7.0	6.7
Literacy rate - Total (%)					76.68
Mean years of schooling - Total (years)	6.0
Ratio of girls to boys in primary education (ratio)		1.0	1.0		1.0	1.0
School life Expectancy in Primary - Total (years)	7.4	7.5	7.4		7.0	6.6
School life Expectancy in Secondary - Total (years)	2.8	2.8	2.8	2.6	2.6	2.5
Adult literacy rate - Female (%)		62.61			75.07				76.03
Gross enrolment ratio in secondary - Total (%)	38.35	38.51	38.31	36.42	35.98	33.93		35.15
Gross graduation Ratio from Primary education - Male (%)	55.95
Pupil-teacher ratio, tertiary education - Total (rate)	18.8	18.7	24.4	23.6	24.8
Survival Rate to the last grade in Primary - Total (%)	42.57	35.10			31.57
Literacy rate - Male (%)					78.38
Primary completion rate - Total (%)	42.50	42.90	43.50	44.20	51.64	45.70	46.40	46.04
Gross enrolment ratio in primary - Total (%)	145.25	147.31	143.82	143.37	136.94	129.23	131.21	145.70	138.19
Gross enrolment ratio in teritiary - Total (%)	4.82	4.81	4.83
School life Expectancy in Tertiary - Total (years)	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3		0.3
Primary completion rate - Male (%)	50.00	51.00	52.30	53.70	60.21	56.70	57.90	53.55
Literacy rates of 15-24 years old - Male (%)					80.58			86.92	80.81
Gross enrolment ratio in primary - Female (%)	145.05	147.29	143.95	144.09	137.81	130.68	132.69	147.79	140.38
Gross enrolment ratio in secondary - Female (%)	37.98	38.30	38.21	36.89	36.72	34.74		36.26
Gross enrolment ratio in teritiary - Female (%)	4.61	4.56	4.62
Women to men parity index, as ratio of literacy rates, 15-24 years old (%)	1.15							1.13
Literacy rates of 15-24 years old - Total (%)		65.07			79.85			84.43	80.73
Ratio of girls to boys in secondary education (ratio)	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
Survival Rate to the last grade in Primary - Female (%)	43.68	36.10			33.26
Net enrolment rate in secondary education - Male (%)	30.46	29.44	29.23	27.96	28.67
Ratio of girls to boys in primary education (ratio)	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
School life Expectancy in Primary - Male (years)	7.4	7.5	7.4		7.0	6.6
Adult literacy rate - Male (%)		66.74			78.38				78.93
Net enrolment rate in primary education - Total (%)					95.60	97.68
Net enrolment rate in secondary education - Total (%)	31.01	30.29	30.15	29.12	29.85
Primary school enrollment - Total (number)	4,610,722	4,763,524	4,733,726	5,004,479	4,860,888	4,648,600	4,774,795	5,349,010	5,125,026
Gross graduation Ratio from Primary education - Female (%)	58.66
Gross graduation Ratio from Primary education - Total (%)	56.81	54.44	48.94
Primary school enrollment - Female (number)	2,290,029	2,367,417	2,353,699	2,489,687	2,420,444	2,324,568	2,386,584	2,680,726	2,571,317
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary education - Total (rate)	23.1			20.0	19.3

National accounts

United Nations Statistics Division

Indicator	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023
Expenditure on GDP at current purchaser's values - National Currency (billions)	29,906	32,982	36,489	41,159
Expenditure on GDP at current purchaser's values - US dollars (billions)	12.4	11.2	11.5	13.2

Prices

Economic Commission for Africa, International Monetary Fund (IMF)

Indicator	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023
Inflation, average, percentage change over previous period	6.08	7.40	6.04	8.59	8.60	5.63	4.19	3.75
inflation rate: end of period price indices percentage change over previous year	6.03	7.57	5.93	10.60	6.94	4.00	4.54	6.16
Inflation rate (percentage change of CPI over same period of previous year)	6.08	7.40	6.04	8.59	8.60	5.63	4.19	3.75
Inflation, end of period consumer prices (index)	354.66	381.48	408.00	439.29
Consumer price index, All item, 2010=100	129.93	139.55	147.98	160.70	174.51	184.33	192.05	199.24
Inflation, end of period consumer prices (%)	6.03	7.56	6.95	7.67	8.60	5.62	4.19	5.40

Energy

African Union Commission, United Nations Statistics Division, U.S. Energy Information Administration

Indicator	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023
Total electricity production (Giga watt hours)	2,498	2,675	2,765	2,865
Electricity - Consumption (Giga watt hours)
Electricity - total biofuels and waste production (Giga watt hours)	0	0	0	0
Total electricity production (Giga watt hours)
Electricity - Consumption (Giga watt hours)	1,007	1,011	1,057	1,107
Electricity - total thermal production (Giga watt hours)	979.91	1,182	1,104	1,244
Electricity - total fossil fules production (Giga watt hours)
Electricity - total Solar wind tide wave production (Giga watt hours)	22.97	24.7	26.82
Total electricity installed capacity - kilowatt hours (thousands)	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.7	0.7	0.7
Oil - Consumption (metric tons)	666.00	676.00	697.00	720.00
Total electricity installed capacity - kilowatt hours (thousands)	573.4	667.4	675.4
Coal - Production, Tonnes (thousands)	572.9	597.6	13.0
Electricity - total hydro production (Giga watt hours)	901	971	1,047	1,130
Electricity - total fossil fules production (Giga watt hours)	1,573	1,678	1,691	1,824
Electricity - total hydro production (Giga watt hours)

Tourism

World Bank, World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC), World Tourism Organization

Indicator	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023
International tourism, number of arrivals - Total (thousands)	222.0
Total contribution to employment, tourism (%)	11.50	10.97		13.90
Total contribution to GDP, tourism (%)	13.71	13.09		16.60
International tourism, number of arrivals - Total (thousands)	222.0
International tourism receipts (% of total exports)	21.07	22.3	27.28
International tourism receipts - current USD (millions)	740.0	696.0	912.0	849.0	879.0	951.0	202.0
International tourism expenditures - current USD (millions)	317.0	240.0	300.0
Rooms in hotels and similar establishments (thousands)	23.4	24.0	25.3	26.8	28.2

Transport

Indicator	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023
Paved Road (% of total) (%)
Total length of railways (kilometre)	673

Information society

International Telecommunication Union (ITU), United Nations Statistics Division, World Bank

Indicator	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023
Fixed telephone lines (per 100 inhabitants) (%)	0.63	0.61	0.60	0.27	0.26
	30.00	61.00	63.01	64.00	65.00	65.00	65.00	67.10
		11,674	14,238	17,837	18,136			9,645
	3.70	4.17	4.71	9.80	15.00
		0.05	0.05	0.01	0.01			0
Mobile telephone subscribers (per 100 inhabitants) (%)	40.11	43.03	31.36	33.36	39.69	47.23	56.22	56.30
		221	266	3,858	7,583			20,452
Mobile telephone subscribers (per 100 inhabitants) (%)	41.18	44.13	32.13	34.14	40.57
		21.00	23.08	25.01	25.00	25.00	25.00	27.11
	3.70	4.17	4.71	9.80	15.00
								19.73
Mobile telephone subscribers (number)	9,713,883	10,693,765	7,998,253	8,730,499	10,654,710
									0.11
	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.11	0.11	0.11
		0.05	0.06	0.07	0.07			0.03
Fixed telephone lines (per 100 inhabitants) (%)	0.61	0.60	0.58	0.26	0.26	0.27	0.18	0.09
	24,835	23,694	26,385	25,062	27,211	30,000	32,000	30,933
		74.99	78.01	79.02	80.00	80.00	80.00	88.00
		11,799	11,881	3,367	1,492			836
		0	0	0.01	0.03			0.07
, 2018=100	42,876,110	72,639,200	31,790,290	227,570,460	82,668,500	32,349,390	66,930,610	107,731,460

International trade

International Road Federation, World Bank

Indicator	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023
Total trade - Export, current USD (millions)	3,542	3,215	3,447	4,072	4,339	4,009	2,841	3,288
Total trade - Import, current USD (millions)	4,219	3,717	3,761	4,538	4,996	4,821	3,910	4,415

Banking, insurance, financial statistics

International Monetary Fund (IMF), United Nations Statistics Division

Indicator	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023
Interest rate - Lending (%)	60.00	60.00
Exchange rate, period average (national currency per USD)	2,415	2,934	3,177	3,116	3,335	3,618
Exchange rate, period average (national currency per USD)	2,415	2,934
Deposit rate (%) (%)	12.40	15.00

Government finance fiscal and public sector statistics

World Bank, International Monetary Fund (IMF)

Indicator	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023
Debt service ratio - Per export (ratio)	2.8	4.4	3.6	3.2	2.9	3.1	5.0	5.0
Fiscal deficit (% of GDP)		-946.8	-416.7	-863.4	-613.9	-725.1	-2,197.0	-3,283.8	-3,064.6
Net ODA - current USD (millions)	588.1	677.0	621.8	779.6
Total external debt - as % of GDP (%)	37.85	44.06	40.28	40.14	40.39	38.52	49.01	53.39	47.84
General government net lending/borrowing - as % of GDP (%)	-1.96	-2.85	-1.11	-2.10	-1.34	-1.42	-3.96	-6.27
International reserves - current USD (millions)	773.8	832.0	1,184		1,740	1,693	1,981	2,335
Net ODA - Per capita (current USD)	24.93	27.93	24.98	30.49
Total external debt (% of GNI) (%)	24.24	27.47	26.04	26.39	28.15	29.44	37.70	37.32
Net ODA (% of GNI) (%)	5.67

Balance of payments

United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), International Monetary Fund (IMF), Economic Commission for Africa

Indicator	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023
Outward flows of Foreign Direct investment - Stock, current USD (millions)	14.1	16.5	17.5
Errors and omissions - current USD (millions)
Workers remittances (Net) - current USD (millions)
Current account balance - as % of GDP (%)	-0.27	-1.63	0.48	-0.42	0.72	-2.29	-5.37	-5.46
Compensation of employees - current USD (millions)	14.5	15.6	22.6	23.0
Trade balance - as % of GDP (%)	-9.70
Trade balance - current USD (millions)	-548.4	-328.9	-266.1	-449.9
Financial Account net - current USD (millions)
Services Balance - current USD (millions)	-1.9	-108.5	12.8	14.4
Inward flows of Foreign Direct investment - Flow, current USD (millions)	313.7	435.8	450.6	357.9	352.6	474.3	358.5	300.2
Current account balance - current USD (millions)	-103.2	-271.7	27.9	-53.1
Capital Account net - current USD (billions)	0.2	0.2	0.1	0.1
Primary income (Net) - current USD (millions)	-295.5	-373.9	-416.8	-359.7
Total, Domestic Currency - Net (National Currency)	-19954765.16	-22799969.53	-22870581.24	-24288144.01	-29111502.25	-30672910.31	-33313827.61
Outward flows of Foreign Direct investment - Flow, current USD (millions)	36.8	81.9	89.7	106.0	117.9	101.6	119.1	115.3
Portfolio Investment (Net) - current USD (millions)
Trade balance - as % of GDP (%)
Inward flows of Foreign Direct investment - Stock, current USD (millions)	6,277	5,619	5,882
Secondary income (Net) - current USD (millions)	742.5	539.7	698.1	742.2

Environment

United Nations Statistics Division, Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)

Indicator	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023
Carbon Dioxide Emission - metric tons (thousands)
Forest Area as % of Land Area (%)		21.40
Consumption of ozone-depleting CFCs in ODP (metric tons)
Land area covered by forest (%)

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Madagascar

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