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Eritrea

Official language: Tigrigna, Arabic, English
Currency: Eritrea Nakfa
Capital City: Asmara
Area: 117600km²
Subregional membership(s): East Africa, Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), Least developed countires, Sub-Saharan Africa, Non-Oil Producing, Non-Oil LDCs, Community of Sahel-Saharan States (CEN-SAD) , Inter-Governmental Authority for Development (IGAD)

3748.9K

₂₀₂₃

Mid-year population

2.3B

₂₀₂₁

GDP at current prices, USD

38.1

₂₀₂₁

Under five mortality rate

72.0

₂₀₁₉

Primary enrolment ratio

Population and migration

United Nations Population Division, United Nations Population Fund

Indicator	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023
Average annual population growth rate - Total (%)	0.93	0.81	0.70	1.17	1.66	1.42	1.81	1.78	1.71	1.78
Population - Urban (%)	37.60	38.20	38.80	39.50
Life expectancy at birth - Male (years)	63.6	64.0	64.2	64.6	65.0	65.2	64.9	64.4	64.5	65.2
Migrants as a percentage of the international migrant stock - 65+ (%)		3.13		4.10
Population - Female (thousands)	1,687	1,695	1,708	1,723	1,747	1,774	1,802	1,834	1,866	1,898
Migrants as a percentage of the international migrant stock - 35-39 (%)		9.29		9.61
Population - Urban (thousands)	1,784	1,852	1,924	2,000	2,079	2,162	2,246	2,332	2,421	2,511
Total fertility rate (per woman)	4.3	4.2	4.2	4.1	4.1	4.0	3.9	3.9	3.8	3.7
Migrants as a percentage of the international migrant stock - 45-49 (%)		6.37		6.81
Migrants as a percentage of the international migrant stock - 55-59 (%)		4.23		4.41
Migrants as a percentage of the international migrant stock - 20-24 (%)		10.37		9.80
Migrants as a percentage of the international migrant stock - 40-44 (%)		7.85		8.22
Migrants as a percentage of the international migrant stock - 10-14 (%)		7.19		6.29
Population - Urban (%)	37.59	38.21	38.83	39.45	40.08	40.71	41.35	41.98	42.63	43.27
Migrants as a percentage of the international migrant stock - 50-54 (%)		5.20		5.47
Population - Total (thousands)	3,323	3,340	3,365	3,397	3,445	3,499	3,556	3,620	3,684	3,749
Migrants as a percentage of the international migrant stock - 60-64 (%)		2.95		3.30
Life expectancy at birth - Total (years)	65.6	66.0	66.3	66.6	67.1	67.3	67.1	66.5	66.6	67.3
Migrants as a percentage of the international migrant stock - 15-19 (%)		9.09		7.90
Migrants as a percentage of the international migrant stock - 25-29 (%)		10.93		10.82
Life expectancy at birth - Female (years)	67.6	68.0	68.3	68.5	69.1	69.3	69.3	68.7	68.7	69.4
Migrants as a percentage of the international migrant stock - 0-4 (%)		6.67		6.66
Migrants as a percentage of the international migrant stock - 5-9 (%)		6.19		5.95
Population - Male (thousands)	1,636	1,645	1,658	1,674	1,698	1,725	1,754	1,786	1,818	1,851
Population - Female (%)	50.76	50.76	50.75	50.73	50.72	50.70	50.69	50.67	50.66	50.64
Annual rate of change of the migrant stock (%)		0.16					-2.69
Migrants as a percentage of the international migrant stock - 30-34 (%)		10.54		10.66
Average annual population growth rate - Urban (%)	3.73	3.81	3.87	3.90	3.88	3.83	3.77	3.72	3.67	3.62
Population - Male (%)	50.07	50.09	50.10	50.11	50.12	50.12	50.12

Health

World Bank, World Health Organization, United Nations Statistics Division

Indicator	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023
	42.2	40.7	39.4	38.0	36.7	35.5	34.4	33.2
Percentage of mothers provided at least one antenatal care - Total (%)	70.00
	53.6	51.8	50.1	48.5	46.9	45.4	43.9	42.7
Proportion of the population using improved sanitation facilities - Total (%)	16.00	16.00
	53.6	51.8	50.1	48.5	46.9	45.4	43.9	42.7
Prevalence of underweight children under-five years of age - Total (%)
Proportion of 1 year-old children immunised against measles (%)
	42.2	40.7	39.4	38.0	36.7	35.5	34.4	33.2
	48.1	46.4	44.9	43.4	41.9	40.6	39.3	38.1
	48.1	46.4	44.9	43.4	41.9	40.6	39.3	38.1

Education

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), International Labour Organization (ILO), United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), World Bank

Indicator	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023
Gross enrolment ratio in primary - Male (%)	86.02	81.70	76.57	78.78	79.28	78.31
Gross enrolment ratio in secondary - Male (%)	64.87	56.00		44.52	45.44	45.15
Literacy rates of 15-24 years old - Female (%)					92.71
Net enrolment rate in secondary education - Female (%)	44.20	39.89		39.03	40.26
Pupil-teacher ratio, primary education - Total (rate)	42.5	43.3		39.3	38.7
Literacy rate - Female (%)					68.95
Primary school enrollment - Male (number)	198,620	197,898		190,231	191,995	190,502
School life Expectancy in Tertiary - Female (years)	0.1	0.1	0.1
Net enrolment rate in primary education - Female (%)	59.86	56.84		49.31	48.98
Net enrolment rate in primary education - Male (%)	66.52	62.57		54.09	53.83
Ratio of girls to boys in secondary education (ratio)		0.9		0.9	0.9
School life Expectancy in Secondary - Male (years)	3.1	2.6		3.2	3.3
School life Expectancy in Tertiary - Male (years)	0.2	0.2	0.1
Ratio of girls to boys in tertiary education (ratio)	0.5	0.7	0.7
School life Expectancy in Secondary - Female (years)	2.5	2.2		2.8	2.9
Survival Rate to the last grade in Primary - Male (%)	71.98			80.15
Adult literacy rate - Total (%)		73.77			76.57
Gross enrolment ratio in teritiary - Male (%)	3.74	2.97	2.68
School life Expectancy in Primary - Female (years)	2.7	2.6		3.3	3.3
Literacy rate - Total (%)					76.57
Mean years of schooling - Total (years)	3.9
Ratio of girls to boys in primary education (ratio)		0.9		0.9	0.9
School life Expectancy in Primary - Total (years)	2.9	2.8		3.7	3.7
School life Expectancy in Secondary - Total (years)	2.8	2.4		3.0	3.1
Adult literacy rate - Female (%)		65.45			68.95
Gross enrolment ratio in secondary - Total (%)	58.95	51.82		41.88	42.95	42.79
Gross graduation Ratio from Primary education - Male (%)
Pupil-teacher ratio, tertiary education - Total (rate)	20.3	19.5	14.1
Survival Rate to the last grade in Primary - Total (%)	73.08			79.98
Literacy rate - Male (%)					84.37
Gross enrolment ratio in primary - Total (%)	79.85	76.16	71.63	72.44	72.82	72.04
Gross enrolment ratio in teritiary - Total (%)	2.79	2.45	2.29
School life Expectancy in Tertiary - Total (years)	0.1	0.1	0.1
Literacy rates of 15-24 years old - Male (%)					93.82
Gross enrolment ratio in primary - Female (%)	73.43	70.40	66.50	65.99	66.25	65.65
Gross enrolment ratio in secondary - Female (%)	52.86	47.51		39.20	40.42	40.40
Gross enrolment ratio in teritiary - Female (%)	1.84	1.93	1.90
Women to men parity index, as ratio of literacy rates, 15-24 years old (%)					0.92			0.93
Literacy rates of 15-24 years old - Total (%)		93.25			93.27
Ratio of girls to boys in secondary education (ratio)	0.8	0.9		0.9	0.9	0.9
Survival Rate to the last grade in Primary - Female (%)	74.41			79.78
Net enrolment rate in secondary education - Male (%)	52.08	45.59		42.29	42.85
Ratio of girls to boys in primary education (ratio)	0.9	0.9	0.9	0.9	0.9	0.9
School life Expectancy in Primary - Male (years)	3.1	3.0		4.0	4.0
Adult literacy rate - Male (%)		82.39			84.37
Net enrolment rate in primary education - Total (%)	63.26	59.76		51.75	51.46
Net enrolment rate in secondary education - Total (%)	48.20	42.78		40.69	41.58
Primary school enrollment - Total (number)	361,604	361,684		347,009	349,753	347,482
Gross graduation Ratio from Primary education - Female (%)
Gross graduation Ratio from Primary education - Total (%)		38.50	41.06	41.85
Primary school enrollment - Female (number)	162,984	163,786		156,778	157,758	156,980
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary education - Total (rate)	40.6	38.9		36.6	35.0

National accounts

United Nations Statistics Division

Indicator	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023
Expenditure on GDP at current purchaser's values - National Currency (billions)	60.9	68.3	76.9	89.4
Expenditure on GDP at current purchaser's values - US dollars (billions)	4.0	4.4	5.0	5.8

Prices

Economic Commission for Africa, International Monetary Fund (IMF)

Indicator	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023
Inflation, average, percentage change over previous period
Inflation, end of period consumer prices (index)	696.00	758.64	826.91	901.34
Inflation, end of period consumer prices (%)	10.04	9.00	9.00	9.00	-14.40	-16.36	4.91	2.90

Energy

African Union Commission, United Nations Statistics Division, U.S. Energy Information Administration

Indicator	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023
Total electricity production (Giga watt hours)	375	413	426	439
Electricity - Consumption (Giga watt hours)
Electricity - total biofuels and waste production (Giga watt hours)	0	0	0	0
Total electricity production (Giga watt hours)
Electricity - Consumption (Giga watt hours)	283	317	331	347
Electricity - total thermal production (Giga watt hours)	345	352	359	378	450
Electricity - total fossil fules production (Giga watt hours)
Electricity - total Solar wind tide wave production (Giga watt hours)	7	7.16	7.35
Total electricity installed capacity - kilowatt hours (thousands)	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
Oil - Consumption (metric tons)	79.00	82.00	86.00	90.00
Total electricity installed capacity - kilowatt hours (thousands)	140.3	160.3	160.7
Electricity - total hydro production (Giga watt hours)	0	0	0	0
Electricity - total fossil fules production (Giga watt hours)	368	404	419	432

Tourism

World Bank, World Tourism Organization

Indicator	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023
International tourism, number of arrivals - Total (thousands)
Overnight stays (thousands)	143.0	144.0	143.0
International tourism receipts (% of total exports)
International tourism receipts - current USD (millions)			48.0
Rooms in hotels and similar establishments (thousands)	5.5	5.5	5.6

Transport

Indicator	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023
Paved Road (% of total) (%)

Information society

International Telecommunication Union (ITU), United Nations Statistics Division, World Bank

Indicator	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023
Fixed telephone lines (per 100 inhabitants) (%)	1.93	1.97	1.96	1.94
		0.00	0.00	0.00				35.00

	0.99	1.08	1.18	1.31
			0.01
Mobile telephone subscribers (per 100 inhabitants) (%)	12.56	14.22	15.04	20.46		37.47	50.65

Mobile telephone subscribers (per 100 inhabitants) (%)	12.60	14.21	14.99	20.36
	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00				0.00
	0.99	1.08	1.18	1.31
								21.73
Mobile telephone subscribers (number)	417,400	475,000	506,000	695,000
	0.01	0.01	0.02	0.03		0.09	0.14	0.14

Fixed telephone lines (per 100 inhabitants) (%)	1.93	1.98	1.96	1.95		1.89	1.86
	200	500	600	1,000		3,000	5,000	5,000
		85.00	85.00	85.00		85.00	85.00	85.00
			500

, 2018=100	12,720	62,509	134,990		118,110	404,800	66,010	206,390

International trade

International Road Federation

Indicator	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023
Total trade - Export, current USD (millions)
Total trade - Import, current USD (millions)

Banking, insurance, financial statistics

United Nations Statistics Division, International Monetary Fund (IMF)

Indicator	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023
Exchange rate, period average (national currency per USD)	15.38	15.38	15.35	15.07	15.07	15.07
Exchange rate, period average (national currency per USD)	15.38

Government finance fiscal and public sector statistics

World Bank, International Monetary Fund (IMF)

Indicator	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023
Debt service ratio - Per export (ratio)
Fiscal deficit (% of GDP)		-1.0	-0.6	-1.7	1.3	-0.5	-1.6	-1.6	-0.4
Net ODA - current USD (millions)	84.2	94.1	66.8	79.1
Total external debt - as % of GDP (%)	136.56	180.71	167.51	202.54	185.61	187.09	182.17	170.82	164.23
General government net lending/borrowing - as % of GDP (%)	-0.36	-3.14	-1.66	-6.04	4.21	0.61	-4.42	-3.98
International reserves - current USD (millions)	151.8	145.1	145.4	143.4	163.0	191.7
Net ODA - Per capita (current USD)
Total external debt (% of GNI) (%)
Net ODA (% of GNI) (%)

Balance of payments

United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), International Monetary Fund (IMF), Economic Commission for Africa

Indicator	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023
Outward flows of Foreign Direct investment - Stock, current USD (millions)	837.2	886.5	938.8
Current account balance - as % of GDP (%)	17.34	20.76	15.32	23.96	15.44	13.01	11.38	13.47
Compensation of employees - current USD (millions)
Trade balance - as % of GDP (%)	-12.10
Trade balance - current USD (millions)
Services Balance - current USD (millions)
Inward flows of Foreign Direct investment - Flow, current USD (millions)	46.5	49.3	52.3	55.5	61.0	67.1	73.8	70.5
Current account balance - current USD (millions)	160.0	-61.0	-105.0	-137.0
Primary income (Net) - current USD (millions)
Inward flows of Foreign Direct investment - Stock, current USD (millions)	837.2	886.5	938.8
Secondary income (Net) - current USD (millions)

Environment

United Nations Statistics Division, Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)

Indicator	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023
Carbon Dioxide Emission - metric tons (thousands)
Energy use (Kg oil equivalent) per $1,000 (PPP) GDP (per 1,000 population)
Forest Area as % of Land Area (%)		15.00
Consumption of ozone-depleting CFCs in ODP (metric tons)
Land area covered by forest (%)

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Eritrea

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