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Madagascar

Official language: French, Malagasy
Currency: Malagascy Ariary
Capital City: Antananarivo
Area: 587295km²
Subregional membership(s): East Africa, Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), Indian Ocean Commission (IOC), Southern African Development Community (SADC), Least developed countires, Island countries, Sub-Saharan Africa, Non-Oil Producing, Non-Oil LDCs

31056610.0K

₂₀₂₄

Mid-year population

14.4B

₂₀₂₁

GDP at current prices, USD

65.8

₂₀₂₂

Under five mortality rate

138.2

₂₀₂₂

Primary enrolment ratio

Population and migration

United Nations Population Division, United Nations Population Fund

Indicator	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023	2024
Average annual population growth rate - Total (%)	2.57	2.60	2.57	2.54	2.51	2.45	2.38	2.38	2.39	2.37
Population - Urban (%)	35.20	35.90	36.50
Life expectancy at birth - Male (years)	62.4	63.0	63.0	63.2	63.7	62.9	62.2	63.0	64.1	64.8
Total fertility rate (per woman)	4.2	4.2	4.1	4.0	4.0	3.9	3.9	3.8	3.7	3.7
Population - Urban (number)	8,528,793	8,926,246	9,339,025	9,767,285	10,211,029	10,670,252	11,145,081	11,635,629	12,141,777	12,663,299
Median age (years)	17.9	18.1	18.3	18.4	18.6	18.8	19.0	19.1	19.3	19.5
Population - Male (number)	12,466,972	12,791,885	13,124,893	13,462,529	13,804,538	14,148,425	14,490,936	14,836,218	15,190,700	15,553,745
Population - Urban (%)	35.19	35.86	36.52	37.19	37.86	38.53	39.21	39.88	40.56	41.23
Population - Total (number)	24,850,913	25,501,941	26,169,542	26,846,541	27,533,134	28,225,177	28,915,653	29,611,714	30,325,732	31,056,610
Life expectancy at birth - Total (years)	64.3	65.0	65.1	65.3	65.9	65.2	64.5	65.2	66.4	67.2
Life expectancy at birth - Female (years)	66.4	67.1	67.2	67.4	68.2	67.6	66.9	67.6	68.8	69.6
Population - Female (%)	49.83	49.84	49.85	49.85	49.86	49.87	49.89	49.90	49.91
Average annual population growth rate - Urban (%)	4.55	4.52	4.48	4.44	4.40	4.35	4.31	4.26	4.21	4.15
Population - Female (number)	12,383,941	12,710,056	13,044,650	13,384,012	13,728,597	14,076,752	14,424,717	14,775,496	15,135,033	15,502,865
Population - Male (%)	49.85	49.86	49.87	49.88	49.88	49.89

Health

World Bank, World Health Organization, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)

Indicator	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023	2024
	60.3	60.1	60.1	60.3	60.5	60.7	60.8	60.3
Percentage of mothers provided at least one antenatal care - Total (%)
	71.1	70.9	70.9	71.1	71.3	71.6	71.4	70.9
Proportion of the population using improved sanitation facilities - Total (%)	12.00
	71.3	71.1	71.0	71.1	71.4	71.5	71.4
Prevalence of underweight children under-five years of age - Total (%)
Prevalence of underweight children under-five years of age - Total (%)	25.00			26.40			22.60
Percentage of mothers provided at least one antenatal care - Total (%)
Proportion of 1 year-old children immunised against measles (%)
Proportion of the population using improved sanitation facilities - Total (%)	9.35	9.77	10.20	10.62	11.05	11.47	11.90	12.33
	60.3	60.2	60.2	60.3	60.4	60.6	60.6
	65.8	65.7	65.7	65.8	66.1	66.3	66.3	65.8
Proportion of population below minimum level of dietary energy consumption (%)	33.00
Percentage of mothers provided at least one antenatal care - Total (%)				85.10
Proportion of 1 year-old children immunised against measles (%)	58.00	59.00	60.00	62.00
	66.0	65.8	65.7	65.8	66.1	66.1	66.0

Education

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), United Nations Statistics Division, International Labour Organization (ILO), United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), World Bank

Indicator	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023	2024
Gross enrolment ratio in primary - Male (%)	147.33	143.70	142.67	136.08	127.80	129.76	143.65	136.06
Gross enrolment ratio in secondary - Male (%)	38.72	38.42	35.97	35.25	33.14		34.05
Literacy rates of 15-24 years old - Female (%)				79.18			83.04	80.66
Mean years of schooling - Male (years)				5.3			4.9
Net enrolment rate in secondary education - Female (%)	31.14	31.06	30.29	31.03
Pupil-teacher ratio, primary education - Total (rate)	41.2	40.6		39.8
Primary school enrollment - Male (number)	2,396,107	2,380,027	2,514,792	2,440,444	2,324,032	2,388,211	2,668,284	2,553,709
Ratio of school attendance rate of orphans to school attendance rate of non orphans (%)
School life Expectancy in Tertiary - Female (years)	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3		0.3
Mean years of schooling - Total (years)				5.1			4.6
Net enrolment rate in primary education - Female (%)
Net enrolment rate in primary education - Male (%)
Ratio of girls to boys in secondary education (ratio)	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
School life Expectancy in Secondary - Male (years)	2.8	2.8	2.6	2.5	2.4
School life Expectancy in Tertiary - Male (years)	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3		0.3
Ratio of girls to boys in tertiary education (ratio)	0.9	0.9	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
School life Expectancy in Secondary - Female (years)	2.8	2.8	2.6	2.6	2.5
Survival Rate to the last grade in Primary - Male (%)	34.10			29.92
Adult literacy rate - Total (%)	64.66			76.68				77.48
Gross enrolment ratio in teritiary - Male (%)	5.05	5.03
Primary completion rate - Female (%)	46.90	47.90	49.00	55.91	51.50	52.50	49.68	61.98
School life Expectancy in Primary - Female (years)	7.5	7.3		7.0	6.7
Mean years of schooling - Female (years)				4.9			4.3
Mean years of schooling - Total (years)
Ratio of girls to boys in primary education (ratio)	1.0	1.0		1.0	1.0
School life Expectancy in Primary - Total (years)	7.5	7.4		7.0	6.6
School life Expectancy in Secondary - Total (years)	2.8	2.8	2.6	2.6	2.5
Adult literacy rate - Female (%)	62.61			75.07				76.03
Gross enrolment ratio in secondary - Total (%)	38.51	38.31	36.42	35.98	33.93		35.15
Pupil-teacher ratio, tertiary education - Total (rate)	18.7	24.4	23.6	24.8
Survival Rate to the last grade in Primary - Total (%)	35.10			31.57
Primary completion rate - Total (%)	42.90	43.50	44.20	51.64	45.70	46.40	46.04	59.33
Gross enrolment ratio in primary - Total (%)	147.31	143.82	143.37	136.94	129.23	131.21	145.70	138.19
Gross enrolment ratio in teritiary - Male (%)	4.91	4.91	5.37	5.41	5.58	5.72	5.63	6.09
Gross enrolment ratio in teritiary - Total (%)	4.81	4.83
School life Expectancy in Tertiary - Total (years)	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3		0.3
Primary completion rate - Male (%)	51.00	52.30	53.70	60.21	56.70	57.90	53.55	56.74
Gross enrolment ratio in teritiary - Female (%)	4.54	4.62	5.10	5.24	5.49	5.63	5.54	6.21
Literacy rates of 15-24 years old - Male (%)				80.58			86.92	80.81
Gross enrolment ratio in primary - Female (%)	147.29	143.95	144.09	137.81	130.68	132.69	147.79	140.38
Gross enrolment ratio in secondary - Female (%)	38.30	38.21	36.89	36.72	34.74		36.26
Gross enrolment ratio in teritiary - Female (%)	4.56	4.62
Women to men parity index, as ratio of literacy rates, 15-24 years old (%)				0.98			0.96	1.00
Literacy rates of 15-24 years old - Total (%)	65.07			79.85			84.43	80.73
Ratio of girls to boys in secondary education (ratio)	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
Survival Rate to the last grade in Primary - Female (%)	36.10			33.26
Net enrolment rate in secondary education - Male (%)	29.44	29.23	27.96	28.67
Ratio of girls to boys in primary education (ratio)	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
School life Expectancy in Primary - Male (years)	7.5	7.4		7.0	6.6
Adult literacy rate - Male (%)	66.74			78.38				78.93
Gross enrolment ratio in teritiary - Total (%)	4.73	4.76	5.24	5.32	5.53	5.68	5.58	6.15
Net enrolment rate in primary education - Total (%)				95.60	97.68
Net enrolment rate in secondary education - Total (%)	30.29	30.15	29.12	29.85
Primary school enrollment - Total (number)	4,763,524	4,733,726	5,004,479	4,860,888	4,648,600	4,774,795	5,349,010	5,125,026
Primary school enrollment - Female (number)	2,367,417	2,353,699	2,489,687	2,420,444	2,324,568	2,386,584	2,680,726	2,571,317
Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary education - Total (rate)			20.0	19.3

National accounts

United Nations Statistics Division, Economic Commission for Africa, International Monetary Fund (IMF)

Indicator	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023	2024
Construction (ISIC F) (US dollars)	719,869,706	715,981,183	869,431,450	923,882,698	1,048,300,570	906,195,723	1,029,734,569	1,133,358,197
Expenditure on GDP at current purchaser's values - current prices - National Currency (billions)	32,982	36,489	41,159
Industry (%)							22.35
Changes in inventories (US dollars)	-336020219.62	-309398354.97	-307409601.66	-45276987.52	202,577,430	-178883202.89	-1174334242.18	178,061,322
Exports of goods and services (US dollars)	3,214,678,738	3,447,066,214	4,071,827,553	4,339,367,351	4,009,166,482	2,628,831,061	3,314,741,894	4,647,949,382
Industry (%)	19.85	20.31	21.01	22.81	23.58	20.95
Services (%)	53.18	53.38	53.34	51.74	52.31	52.28
Final consumption expenditure (US dollars)	10,014,897,569	10,223,407,869	11,559,811,835	11,781,801,583	12,130,411,657	12,421,797,824	13,653,911,224	13,316,285,498
Manufacturing (ISIC D) (US dollars)	963,329,900	1,208,002,994	1,210,660,422	1,289,259,449	1,423,167,909	1,269,250,622	1,382,224,818	1,550,244,251
Mining, Manufacturing, Utilities (ISIC C-E) (US dollars)	1,425,942,895	1,583,828,188	1,780,635,867	2,032,041,800	2,117,561,567	1,634,422,241	2,132,411,541	2,221,579,689
Services (%)							52.25
Agriculture, hunting, forestry, fishing (ISIC A-B) (US dollars)	2,914,925,340	2,977,965,957	3,234,803,140	3,298,745,521	3,237,902,369	3,279,856,407	3,374,988,953	3,349,458,778
Transport, storage and communication (ISIC I) (US dollars)	915,071,483	869,907,610	1,170,006,574	1,056,878,110	1,078,085,711	1,122,736,312	1,316,559,206	1,218,368,449
Expenditure on GDP at current purchaser's values - current prices - US dollars (billions)	11.2	11.5	13.2
Final consumption expenditure (US dollars)	10,014,897,569	10,332,538,643	10,634,754,675	10,368,336,144	10,650,012,851	11,029,603,821	11,407,790,805	11,557,295,993
GDP, PPP - Current, International dollar (millions)	37,486	39,997	40,515	42,807	45,495	42,756	46,108
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) (US dollars)	11,323,020,700	11,775,165,455	12,238,318,932	12,629,254,471	13,186,360,202	12,244,773,437	12,947,986,306	13,439,518,394
Wholesale, retail trade, restaurants and hotels (ISIC G-H) (US dollars)	1,792,086,523	2,006,593,250	2,054,779,276	1,815,385,713	1,900,456,236	1,570,366,898	1,841,012,139	1,837,651,101
Gross fixed capital formation (including Acquisitions less disposals of valuables) (US dollars)	2,146,785,000	2,248,541,716	2,390,107,390	2,894,013,271	2,996,931,494	2,560,595,144	3,371,783,184	2,815,984,193

Prices

Economic Commission for Africa, International Monetary Fund (IMF)

Indicator	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023	2024
Inflation, average, percentage change over previous period	7.40	6.04	8.59	8.60	5.63	4.19	3.75
inflation rate: end of period price indices percentage change over previous year	7.57	5.93	10.60	6.94	4.00	4.54	6.16
Inflation rate (percentage change of CPI over same period of previous year)	7.40	6.04	8.59	8.60	5.63	4.19	3.75
Inflation, end of period consumer prices (index)	381.48	408.00	439.29
Consumer price index, All item, 2010=100	139.55	147.98	160.70	174.51	184.33	192.05	199.24
Inflation, end of period consumer prices (%)	7.56	6.95	7.67	8.60	5.62	4.19	5.40

Energy

African Union Commission, United Nations Statistics Division, U.S. Energy Information Administration, AfDB, AUC and ECA Joint African Statistical Yearbook

Indicator	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023	2024
Total electricity production (Giga watt hours)	2,675	2,765	2,865
Electricity - Consumption (Giga watt hours)
Conventional crude oil - Import, metric tons (thousands)
Electricity - total biofuels and waste production (Giga watt hours)	0	0	0
Conventional crude oil - Import (terajoules)
Conventional crude oil - Transformation, metric tons (thousands)
Total electricity production (Giga watt hours)
Conventional crude oil - Transformation (terajoules)
Electricity - Consumption (Giga watt hours)	1,011	1,057	1,107
Electricity - total thermal production (Giga watt hours)	1,182	1,104	1,244
Electricity - total fossil fules production (Giga watt hours)
Electricity - total Solar wind tide wave production (Giga watt hours)	24.7	26.82
Total electricity installed capacity - kilowatt hours (thousands)	0.5	0.5	0.7	0.7	0.7
Conventional crude oil - Total energy supply (terajoules)
Oil - Consumption (metric tons)	676.00	697.00	720.00
Total electricity installed capacity - kilowatt hours (thousands)	667.4	675.4
Coal - Production, Tonnes (thousands)	597.6	13.0
Conventional crude oil - Change in stocks (terajoules)
Electricity - total hydro production (Giga watt hours)	971	1,047	1,130
Electricity - total fossil fules production (Giga watt hours)	1,678	1,691	1,824
Electricity - total hydro production (Giga watt hours)
Oil - Consumption (metric tons)			614,000	633,000	653,000

Tourism

World Bank, World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC), World Tourism Organization

Indicator	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023	2024
International tourism, number of arrivals - Total (thousands)
Total contribution to employment, tourism (%)	10.97		13.90
Total contribution to GDP, tourism (%)	13.09		16.60
International tourism, number of arrivals - Total (thousands)
International tourism receipts (% of total exports)	22.3	27.28
International tourism receipts - current USD (millions)	696.0	912.0	849.0	879.0	951.0	202.0
International tourism expenditures - current USD (millions)	240.0	300.0
Rooms in hotels and similar establishments (thousands)	24.0	25.3	26.8	28.2

Transport

Indicator	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023	2024
Paved Road (% of total) (%)
Total length of railways (kilometre)

Information society

International Telecommunication Union (ITU), United Nations Statistics Division, World Bank

Indicator	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023	2024
Fixed telephone lines (per 100 inhabitants) (%)	0.61	0.60	0.27	0.26
	61.00	63.01	64.00	65.00	65.00	65.00	67.10
	11,674	14,238	17,837	18,136			9,645
	4.17	4.71	9.80	15.00
	0.05	0.05	0.01	0.01			0
Mobile telephone subscribers (per 100 inhabitants) (%)	43.03	31.36	33.36	39.69	47.23	56.22	56.30
	221	266	3,858	7,583			20,452
Mobile telephone subscribers (per 100 inhabitants) (%)	44.13	32.13	34.14	40.57
	21.00	23.08	25.01	25.00	25.00	25.00	27.11
	4.17	4.71	9.80	15.00
							19.73
Mobile telephone subscribers (number)	10,693,765	7,998,253	8,730,499	10,654,710
								0.11
	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.11	0.11	0.11
	0.05	0.06	0.07	0.07			0.03
Fixed telephone lines (per 100 inhabitants) (%)	0.60	0.58	0.26	0.26	0.27	0.18	0.09
	23,694	26,385	25,062	27,211	30,000	32,000	30,933
	74.99	78.01	79.02	80.00	80.00	80.00	88.00
	11,799	11,881	3,367	1,492			836
	0	0	0.01	0.03			0.07
, 2018=100	72,639,200	31,790,290	227,570,460	82,668,500	32,349,390	66,930,610	107,731,460

International trade

International Road Federation, World Bank

Indicator	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023	2024
Total trade - Import, current USD (millions)	3,717	3,761	4,538	4,996	4,821	3,910	4,415
Total trade - Export, current USD (millions)	3,215	3,447	4,072	4,339	4,009	2,841	3,288

Banking, insurance, financial statistics

International Monetary Fund (IMF), United Nations Statistics Division

Indicator	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023	2024
Interest rate - Lending (%)	60.00
Exchange rate, period average (national currency per USD)	2,934	3,177	3,116	3,335	3,618
Exchange rate, period average (national currency per USD)	2,934
Deposit rate (%) (%)	15.00

Government finance fiscal and public sector statistics

World Bank, International Monetary Fund (IMF)

Indicator	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023	2024
Debt service ratio - Per export (ratio)	4.4	3.6	3.2	2.9	3.1	5.0	5.0
Fiscal deficit (% of GDP)	-946.8	-416.7	-863.4	-613.9	-725.1	-2,197.0	-3,283.8	-3,064.6
Net ODA - current USD (millions)	677.0	621.8	779.6
Total external debt - as % of GDP (%)	44.06	40.28	40.14	40.39	38.52	49.01	53.39	47.84
General government net lending/borrowing - as % of GDP (%)	-2.85	-1.11	-2.10	-1.34	-1.42	-3.96	-6.27
International reserves - current USD (millions)	832.0	1,184		1,740	1,693	1,981	2,335
Net ODA - Per capita (current USD)	27.93	24.98	30.49
Total external debt (% of GNI) (%)	27.47	26.04	26.39	28.15	29.44	37.70	37.32
Net ODA (% of GNI) (%)

Balance of payments

United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), International Monetary Fund (IMF), Economic Commission for Africa

Indicator	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023	2024
Outward flows of Foreign Direct investment - Stock, current USD (millions)	16.5	17.5
Errors and omissions - current USD (millions)
Workers remittances (Net) - current USD (millions)
Current account balance - as % of GDP (%)	-1.63	0.48	-0.42	0.72	-2.29	-5.37	-5.46
Compensation of employees - current USD (millions)	15.6	22.6	23.0
Trade balance - as % of GDP (%)
Trade balance - current USD (millions)	-328.9	-266.1	-449.9
Financial Account net - current USD (millions)
Services Balance - current USD (millions)	-108.5	12.8	14.4
Inward flows of Foreign Direct investment - Flow, current USD (millions)	435.8	450.6	357.9	352.6	474.3	358.5	300.2
Current account balance - current USD (millions)	-271.7	27.9	-53.1
Capital Account net - current USD (billions)	0.2	0.1	0.1
Primary income (Net) - current USD (millions)	-373.9	-416.8	-359.7
Total, Domestic Currency - Net (National Currency)	-22799969.53	-22870581.24	-24288144.01	-29111502.25	-30672910.31	-33313827.61
Outward flows of Foreign Direct investment - Flow, current USD (millions)	81.9	89.7	106.0	117.9	101.6	119.1	115.3
Portfolio Investment (Net) - current USD (millions)
Trade balance - as % of GDP (%)
Inward flows of Foreign Direct investment - Stock, current USD (millions)	5,619	5,882
Secondary income (Net) - current USD (millions)	539.7	698.1	742.2

Environment

United Nations Statistics Division, World Bank, Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)

Indicator	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023	2024
Carbon Dioxide Emission - metric tons (thousands)
Carbon Dioxide Emissions - per Capita (metric tons)	0.15	0.16
Carbon Dioxide Emission - metric tons (thousands)	3.3	3.2	3.5	3.4	4.1
Forest Area as % of Land Area (%)	21.40
CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons)
Consumption of ozone-depleting CFCs in ODP (metric tons)
Forest Area as % of Land Area (%)	21.48	21.46	21.43	21.41	21.39	21.36
Proportion of terrestrial and marine areas protected (%)		1.97	2.35	2.35	2.35	3.08	3.08	3.08
Land area covered by forest (%)
Proportion of terrestrial and marine areas protected (%)		1.97	2.35

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Madagascar

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